El proceso de comprensión lectora en alumnos de tercero de secundaria

El presente artículo describe el proceso lector seguido por estudiantes de tercero de secundaria para abordar un texto con el propósito de comprenderlo. Se utilizó un método de investigación mixto secuencial cuantitativo/cualitativo. En la fase cuantitativa se seleccionó una muestra de altos y bajos lectores, que fueron observados durante la ejecución de dos tareas, mediante las cuales se evidenció el proceso que siguieron al intentar comprender diversos textos. Los datos recabados en la fase cualitativa evidenciaron que no todos los alumnos siguen el mismo camino para lograr el propósito mencionado, por lo que se presenta un modelo que muestra las diferentes rutas seguidas y se identifica un conjunto de factores que intervienen en la elección de la ruta lectora, entre ellos el pensamiento metacognitivo y las creencias acerca de la lectura. The present article describes the reading process ninth-graders follow to address a text with the purpose of understanding it. A sequential mixed quantitative/qualitative method was used. In the quantitative phase, a sample of high and low readers was selected; these readers were observed while performing two tasks, which revealed the process they followed while attempting to understand diverse texts. The data compiled in the qualitative phase showed that not all students follow the same path to attain the designated purpose. A model is presented to show the different paths followed, and a set of factors that intervene in selecting the reading path is identified. These factors include metacognitive thinking and beliefs about reading.ITESO, A.C

Generational Differences in Values between Hispanics in the United States and Four Latin American Countries

We examined similarities and differences in generational values and value orientation of 4,952 working adults in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico as compared to those of US Hispanics. US Hispanics demonstrated a primary value orientation of High Social/High Moral that is different from the four Latin American countries but closer to respondents from Argentina and Brazil. Values of generations across countries were more similar than values between generations in each country. Additionally, generational value schema was more similar in Latin American countries than in the US. Implications of these findings, study limitations and recommendations for further research are also discussed

Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Biliary Carriage of Bacteria Showing Worrisome and Unexpected Resistance Traits

Data on biliary carriage of bacteria and, specifically, of bacteria with worrisome and unexpected resistance traits (URB) are lacking. A prospective study (April 2010 to December 2011) was performed that included all patients admitted for<48 h for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy in a Spanish hospital. Bile samples were cultured and epidemiological/clinical data recorded. Logistic regression models (stepwise) were performed using bactobilia or bactobilia by URB as dependent variables. Models (P< 0.001) showing the highest R2 values were considered. A total of 198 patients (40.4% males; age, 55.3 17.3 years) were included. Bactobilia was found in 44 of them (22.2%). The presence of bactobilia was associated (R2 Cox, 0.30) with previous biliary endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) (odds ratio [OR], 8.95; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.96 to 27.06; P< 0.001), previous admission (OR, 2.82; 95% CI, 1.10 to 7.24; P 0.031), and age (OR, 1.09 per year; 95% CI, 1.05 to 1.12; P< 0.001). Ten out of the 44 (22.7%) patients with bactobilia carried URB: 1 Escherichia coli isolate (CTX-M), 1 Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate (OXA-48), 3 high-level gentamicin-resistant enterococci, 1 vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus isolate, 3 Enterobacter cloacae strains, and 1 imipenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain. Bactobilia by URB (versus those by non-URB) was only associated (R2 Cox, 0.19) with previous ERCP (OR, 11.11; 95% CI, 1.98 to 62.47; P 0.006). For analyses of patients with bactobilia by URB versus the remaining patients, previous ERCP (OR, 35.284; 95% CI, 5.320 to 234.016; P<0.001), previous intake of antibiotics (OR, 7.200; 95% CI, 0.962 to 53.906; P 0.050), and age (OR, 1.113 per year of age; 95% CI, 1.028 to 1.206; P 0.009) were associated with bactobilia by URB (R2 Cox, 0.19; P<0.001). Previous antibiotic exposure (in addition to age and previous ERCP) was a risk driver for bactobilia by URB. This may have implications in prophylactic/therapeutic measures

Efecto de dos dosis de cipionato de estradiol y del rango horario para la IATF sobre la tasa de preñez en vaquillonas

El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de dos dosis de cipionato de estradiol (CPE) y dos intervalos para realizar la inseminación, sobre el porcentaje de preñez a la inseminación artificial a tiempo fijo (IATF). Se utilizaron 326 vaquillonas de 24 meses, Angus negro (AAN) y colorado (AAC), de condición corporal (media±de) 3,7±0,3 (escala 1-5). El día 0 se les colocó un dispositivo intravaginal con proges­terona (DISP, DIB 0,5, Syntex) más 2 mg de benzoato de estradiol (Estradiol 10, Río de Ja­neiro) im. El día 8 se retiró el DISP, se administró im 150 mg de D(+) Cloprostenol (Arsaprost, ARSA) y los animales recibieron aleatoriamente 0,5 o 1 mg de cipionato de estradiol (Grupo CPE05 y CPE1, respectivamente). El día 10 las vaquillonas fueron inseminadas, dentro de cada tratamiento, a las 48-52 h o 53-58 h post-retiro de los dispositivos. Se utilizó semen de dos toros (A y B), los cuales estuvieron distribuidos aleatoriamente dentro de cada raza, tra­tamiento y rango horario. El diagnóstico de gestación se realizó por palpación transrrectal a los 63 días de realizada la IATF. Se evaluó el efecto raza (AAN y AAC), tratamiento (CPE05 o CPE1), toro (A y B), hora de IATF (48-52 y 53-58) y las interacciones dobles sobre el por­centaje de preñez. Se utilizó el PROC CATMOD del SAS, fijando un nivel de confianza del 95% (α=0,05). No se observaron efectos significativos de la raza (AAC: 49,1%; AAN: 57,1%), tratamiento (CPE05: 51,6%; CPE1: 51,5%), toro (A: 54,6%, B: 48,5%), hora de IATF (48-52: 54,4%; 53-58: 48,8%) o sus interacciones dobles (p&gt;0,05)

Effect of two doses of estradiol cypionate and hourly rank for FTAI on pregnancy rate in heifers

El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de dos dosis de cipionato de estradiol (CPE) y dos intervalos para realizar la inseminación, sobre el porcentaje de preñez a la inseminación artificial a tiempo fijo (IATF). Se utilizaron 326 vaquillonas de 24 meses, Angus negro (AAN) y colorado (AAC), de condición corporal (media±de) 3,7±0,3 (escala 1-5). El día 0 se les colocó un dispositivo intravaginal con progesterona (DISP, DIB 0,5, Syntex) más 2 mg de benzoato de estradiol (Estradiol 10, Río de Janeiro) im. El día 8 se retiró el DISP, se administró im 150 mg de D(+) Cloprostenol (Arsaprost, ARSA) y los animales recibieron aleatoriamente 0,5 o 1 mg de cipionato de estradiol (Grupo CPE05 y CPE1, respectivamente). El día 10 las vaquillonas fueron inseminadas, dentro de cada tratamiento, a las 48-52 h o 53-58 h post-retiro de los dispositivos. Se utilizó semen de dos toros (A y B), los cuales estuvieron distribuidos aleatoriamente dentro de cada raza, tratamiento y rango horario. El diagnóstico de gestación se realizó por palpación transrrectal a los 63 días de realizada la IATF. Se evaluó el efecto raza (AAN y AAC), tratamiento (CPE05 o CPE1), toro (A y B), hora de IATF (48-52 y 53-58) y las interacciones dobles sobre el porcentaje de preñez. Se utilizó el PROC CATMOD del SAS, fijando un nivel de confianza del 95% (α=0,05). No se observaron efectos significativos de la raza (AAC: 49,1%; AAN: 57,1%), tratamiento (CPE05: 51,6%; CPE1: 51,5%), toro (A: 54,6%, B: 48,5%), hora de IATF (48-52: 54,4%; 53-58: 48,8%) o sus interacciones dobles (p>0,05).The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of two doses of estradiol cypionate (ECP) and two intervals for insemination upon pregnancy rate at FTAI. A total of 326 black and red Angus heifers (BA and RA) with 24 months-old and a body score condition of 3.7±0.3 (m±ed) participated on the trial. On day 0 heifers received a progesterone intravaginal device (DIB, 0.5 g, Syntex) plus 2 mg estradiol benzoate (Estradiol 10, Río de Janeiro). On day 8, the intravaginal device was removed, 150 mg de D(+) Cloprostenol (Arsaprost, ARSA) were administered and animals were randomized to receive 0.5 or 1 mg ECP (group ECP05 and ECP1 respectively). On day 10 heifers received FTAI, for each treatment, at 48-52 h or 53-58 h after device removal. Semen of two bull (A and B) was used, which was distributed aleatory in each breed, treatment, and time range. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed by rectum palpation on day 63 after FTAI. The effect of breed (BA and RA), treatments (ECP05 and ECP1), bull (A and B), time range (48-52 y 53-58 h) and their interactions upon pregnancy rate at FTAI were evaluated. Variables were analyzed using PROC CATMOD of SAS, significance was indicated by a probability of p0.05) upon pregnancy rates at FTAI.Fil: Madero, S.. No especifíca;Fil: De Dominicis, O.. No especifíca;Fil: Cantallops, F.. No especifíca;Fil: Uslenghi, Gastón. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Bs.as.. Facultad de Cs.veterinarias. Departamento de Fisiopatologia. Cat. de Reproduccion; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil; ArgentinaFil: Callejas, Santiago Saul. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Argentin

Outcome of Antifungal Combination Therapy for Invasive Mold Infections in Hematological Patients is Independent of the Chosen Combination

Invasive mold infection (IMI) remains a major cause of mortality in high-risk hematological patients. The aim of this multicenter retrospective, observational study was to evaluate antifungal combination therapy (ACT) for proven and probable IMI in hematological patients. We analyzed 61 consecutive cases of proven (n=25) and probable (n=36) IMI treated with ACT collected from eight Spanish hospitals from January 2005 to December 2009. Causal pathogens were: Aspergillus spp (n=49), Zygomycetes (n=6), Fusarium spp (n=3), and Scedosporium spp (n=3). Patients were classified in three groups according to the antifungal combination employed: Group A, liposomal amphotericin B (L-AmB) plus caspofungin (n=20); Group B, LAmB plus a triazole (n=20), and Group C, voriconazole plus a candin (n=21). ACT was well tolerated with minimal adverse effects. Thirty-eight patients (62%) achieved a favorable response (35 complete). End of treatment and 12-week survival rates were 62% and 57% respectively, without statistical differences among groups. Granulocyte recovery was significantly related to favorable response and survival (p<0.001) in multivariate analysis. Our results suggest that comparable outcomes can be achieved with ACT in high risk hematological patients with proven or probable IMI, whatever the combination of antifungal agents used